Hydrocodone
Hydrocodone is an orally active analgesic and antitussive Schedule II narcotic
that is marketed in multi-ingredient Schedule III products. Hydrocodone has
an analgesic potency similar to or greater than that of oral morphine. Sales
and
production of this drug have increased significantly in recent years (a four-fold
increase between 1990 and 2000), as have diversion and illicit use. Trade names
include Anexsia®, Hycodan®, Hycomine®, Lorcet®, Lortab®,
Tussionex®, Tylox®, Vicodin®, and Vicoprofen®. These are available
as tablets, capsules, and/or syrups. Generally; this drug is abused by oral
rather than intravenous administration. Currently, about 20 tons of hydrocodone
products
are used annually in the United States.
The typical therapeutic dose of 5 to 10 mg is pharmacologically equivalent
to 30 to 60 mg of oral codeine. When taken with alcohol, it can intensify drowsiness.
It may interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as well as other drugs that
cause drowsiness. It is in FDA pregnancy category C: its effect on an unborn
embryo or fetus is not clearly known and pregnant women should consult their
physicians before taking it.
Hydrocodone can be habit-forming, and can lead to physical and psychological
addiction. In the U.S., pure hydrocodone and forms containing more than 15
mg per dosage unit are called hydrocodone compounds and are considered Schedule
II drugs. Those containing less than 15 mg per dosage unit are Schedule III
drugs. Hydrocodone is typically found in combination with other drugs such
as paracetamol (acetaminophen), aspirin, ibuprofen and homatropine methylbromide.
Common side effects include dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, drowsiness,
euphoria, vomiting, and constipation. Some less common side effects are allergic
reaction, blood disorders, changes in mood, mental fogginess, anxiety, lethargy,
difficulty urinating, spasm of the ureter, irregular or depressed respiration
and rash.
Symptoms of hydrocodone overdose include respiratory depression, extreme somnolence,
coma, stupor, cold and/or clammy skin, sometimes bradycardia, and hypotension.
A severe overdose may involve circulatory collapse, cardiac arrest and/or death.